Craigo

Advancements in Intranasal Delivery of Drugs for Cluster Headache Treatment using Cubosome-Based Nanocarriers: A Review Preeti Chaudhary, Kirtan Vimal Shah, Darshan Rajendra Bodas, Sanjana Prasad Deshmukh, Akash Milind Solanki Published in Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology on December 1, 2025 Link: https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2025.00887 Abstract: Cluster headaches (CH) represent a debilitating neurological disorder characterized by severe, recurrent attacks of pain, often leading to significant impairment in quality of life. Traditional treatments often face issues like delayed onset of action, systemic side effects, and challenges in achieving optimal drug concentrations at the target site. Intranasal drug delivery has emerged as a promising alternative for the management of cluster headaches due to its potential for rapid absorption and direct access to the central nervous system. Among the novel strategies under investigation, cubosome-based nanocarriers have gained significant attention due to their unique structural properties, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate a wide range of therapeutic agents. This review highlights recent advancements in intranasal delivery systems, focusing on cubosome-based nanocarriers for the treatment of cluster headaches. It explores the physicochemical characteristics of cubosomes that make them ideal for intranasal administration, including their high surface area, mucoadhesive properties, and ability to enhance drug stability and bioavailability. The review also examines the potential of cubosome-encapsulated verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, as a promising candidate for rapid and effective cluster headache relief. Furthermore, it addresses the challenges and future perspectives in the development and clinical translation of cubosome-based intranasal therapies. By synthesizing current research findings, this review aims to provide insights into the potential of cubosome-based nanocarriers as a transformative approach in the treatment of cluster headaches, paving the way for more effective, patient-friendly therapeutic options.

HNY and right on Jon, exactly - CH is pretty much a stress-test for Helsinki and CIOMS. I can only imagine the complexities of designing CH studies that advance knowledge but always place the well-being of the study participant first, let alone sitting on the ethics committees that have to review and approve them. Check out the below, part 33. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/1760318 And the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences, guideline 5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK614415/ I saw a few posts on socials in recent weeks venting that there isn't enough research on CH and I get it but I also want to acknowledge that like the lead author of this study, we have some amazing researchers in our corner and I am so thankful for that as well as excited to see what happens in 2026. I feel we saw some real advancement in our understanding in 2025. Thank-you for bringing up this very relevant point.

Thank-you to the researchers. The study was exploratory and only had 18 participants split into three groups so the lack of statistical power is the likely reason for the discrepancy where the single-dose group showed a large effect size against placebo yet the primary outcome for the trial failed to reach statistical significance. And the single dose group reported greater improvement than the two dose group... could be just simply random variability again due to the small sample. Diphenhydramine was used to mimic the effects of psilocybin yet they found it only "partially substituted" for them, do they mean the participants may have been able to distinguish the active from placebo and potentially biased the self-reported headache diary results? i.e. expectation bias. Given the placebo performed unexpectedly well, should we be asking if diphenhydramine has therapeutic potential for migraine? Batch has previously said the neuropeptides involved in migraine and CH such as CGRP, PACAP, SP etc can trigger mast cell degranulation, histamine release and a self-sustaining feedback loop hence the early recommendation to take Benadryl (diphenhydramine) or more recently the full monty supplements with the D3 regimen for CH. Looking forward to larger trials. Welcome to read the study at link above or interact with it in NotebookLM (AI) below. https://notebooklm.google.com/notebook/94236d69-1463-4b24-93a4-a3870f7e9701?authuser=1

Comparing single- and repeat-dose psilocybin with active placebo for migraine prevention in an exploratory randomized controlled clinical trial Emmanuelle A D Schindler, Christopher H Gottschalk, Brian P Pittman, Deepak C D'Souza Published in Headache on December 29, 2025 Link: https://headachejournal.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/head.70024 Abstract: Objective: The goals of this study were to examine the therapeutic effects and safety of psilocybin given as a pulsed regimen for the prevention of migraine and to consider the blinding integrity of an active control agent. Background: The administration of a single low dose of psilocybin was observed to have lasting therapeutic effects in one small pilot trial in migraine, although the ability of a pulse dose regimen, as practiced by patients with cluster headache, to potentially improve magnitude and/or duration of transitional preventive effects has not been studied. Furthermore, comparison to an active placebo agent that adequately mimics the acute subjective effects of psilocybin is required to improve blinding integrity and measure placebo effects. Methods: In an exploratory randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study, adults with migraine having at least two weekly migraine days at baseline (n = 18) participated in two drug administration sessions separated by 7 days during which they received zero, one, or two doses of psilocybin (10 mg; psi). Whenever participants did not receive psilocybin, they received diphenhydramine (25 mg; diph). Participant recruitment took place between September 2021 and August 2023. The primary outcome measure was a change in migraine frequency using headache diary data collected starting 2 weeks before and continuing through 8 weeks after the second drug session. Results: In the 2 weeks after completion of the two drug administration sessions, the change from baseline in migraine days/week was not significantly different among groups [diph-diph: -0.7 (95% confidence interval, -1.5 to 0.2); diph-psi: -2.0 (-3.0 to -1.0); psi-psi: -1.7 (-4.1 to 0.7); Χ2 (2) = 4.56, p = 0.102], despite large effect sizes against the placebo group in the those receiving one (diph-psi; d = 1.66) or two (psi-psi; d = 0.69) doses of psilocybin. Similar reductions in migraine frequency approximating 50% were seen in all groups over the 8 weeks measured. The difference in 50% response rate among groups over 2 weeks, however, approached significance (diph-diph: 17%; diph-psi: 80%; psi-psi: 80%; p = 0.087). Drug confidence ratings (i.e., blinding integrity) suggested that diphenhydramine partially substituted for the acute effects of psilocybin. No correlations were observed between changes in migraine frequency after psilocybin and drug confidence, acute general drug effects, or acute psychedelic effects. No serious or unexpected adverse events occurred. Conclusion: This exploratory study found similar reductions in migraine frequency with single-dose psilocybin, a two-dose pulse of psilocybin, or diphenhydramine placebo. Whereas blinding was incomplete in this study, this important topic is highlighted in the study design and findings. The potential for psilocybin to serve as a transitional treatment in migraine remains but will require careful planning in future studies to separate drug and non-drug effects. Furthermore, the inclusion of headache specialists in the design and execution of these future studies is necessary to preserve the viability of psilocybin treatment in headache medicine.

As I said in my other post, I’m pleased to have you here - whilst sorry you are in a bout, you have a good vibe that I resonate with. Yes! I have thought more than once about most of your suggestions and I love it - whether there is an out of the box solution or something custom, there is an old world charm about the forums here that I really do appreciate but understand if it was a little more in line with the times like integrated into an app it might be able to add more value, whether support, social connections, helping more people, fellowship etc. Someone from the awesome admin team might be able to give an update on any behind the scenes improvements that are in the pipeline. I’m sure I read somewhere there were some website things in the works. Good on you for offering your skills man, that’s what I just love about this community, people are too good.

Do you guys say this as you slurp another piece of fermented shark from the tin? Hehe. I really love that saying though, I will remember that! Sorry to hear about your bout with pneumonia, glad you are on the mend from that - hopefully the steroids and I suspect antibiotics didn't mess you around too much. A couple of years ago I had a real bad run with a recurrent bacterial infection that used 5 rounds of antibiotics before my doctor presented a biologic which I had said absolutely not in a million years - saw a functional doc, got it under control but low and behold that was the one year I fell from cluster free remission whilst maintaining the target vitamin D3 range - opened my eyes to a few different topics including microbiome - sorry to say I don't know that the fermented shark packs a probiotic punch like kim chi though. You also mentioned in another post about foraging up there in Iceland for medicine, I suspect your varieties would be quite different to what's found in more warmer climates. It's the same in New Zealand, we have mystical magical varieties down under, one example being Psilocybe weraroa, they look like little blue testicles and pack a heck of a punch. Happy to see you here on the forums - I recently landed here earlier in the year, good bunch of folk here and we all seem to love cats. I feel like this is the more appropriate place to share recent research. So... I sign off by saying Happy new year and thank-you for the old one!

Another review in pediatric migraine just published. Here we start to see an intervention with probiotics to modulate the microbiome. Let's see what happens in 2026 with this evolving area of research. Targeting the microbiome in pediatric migraine: gastrointestinal manifestations and the therapeutic role of Bifidobacterium longum Pi-Chuan Fan, Huey-Huey Chua, Chia-Ray Lin, Tzu-Hsuan Lai, Lih-Chu Chiou, Wang-Tso Lee Gut Microbes on December 27, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2606487 Abstract: Migraine is a disabling neurological disorder that often begins in childhood or adolescence and is frequently accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. However, the microbiota signatures and gut–brain interactions underlying pediatric migraine, particularly in the presence of GI disorder, remain poorly defined. This study aimed to explore the clinical and microbial features of pediatric migraine, as well as the therapeutic potential of probiotics. We prospectively enrolled 126 pediatric migraine patients (ages 6–19) with or without GI disorder and 50 age-matched healthy controls. Fecal microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing. Patients with migraine were stratified based on Rome IV-defined GI disorders and evaluated for headache characteristics, PedMIDAS scores (disability assessment), plasma calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP, thought as a key biomarker of migraine), cytokines, and fecal calprotectin. Probiotic effects were tested in both young (3–4 weeks) and adult capsaicin-induced migraine rat models, and an exploratory pilot study involving 23 pediatric migraine patients. Compared to controls, migraine patients exhibited distinct gut microbiota with reduced Bifidobacterium longum. and elevated Bacteroides. GI disorders were present in 46.8% of migraine patients and were associated with significantly higher rates of abdominal pain (50% vs. 13%, p <0.001), greater migraine-related disability (PedMIDAS: 60 ± 13.2 vs. 29 ± 7.0, p = 0.042), elevated fecal calprotectin, and enrichment of Streptococcus gallolyticus. In contrast, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, positively correlated with B. longum, was linked to milder symptoms and shorter disease duration in migraine patients without GI disorder. In animal models, B. longum attenuated trigeminal activation in both young and adult rats. An exploratory pilot study showed B. longum supplementation led to reductions in headache days, intensity, and frequency. These findings reveal distinct gut microbial signatures in pediatric migraine, and identify B. longum as a promising microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategy. Our work highlights the therapeutic potential of modifying the gut–brain axis in childhood migraine.

Thanks CHfather – I don’t recall Batch’s earlier advice either, likely before my time. We’re talking roughly 200–500mg calcium in a multi vitamin and most probably consume at least that daily through a standard diet. Check out this ask the Doctor post from Havard, although the patient was taking a different class of calcium channel blocker I suspect the answer would be the same. While high doses of intravenous calcium are sometimes used to reverse an overdose of a calcium-channel blocker, the 600 milligrams of calcium in your daily supplement isn't enough to interfere with the drug's ability to lower blood pressure. In fact, oral calcium supplementation has been shown to lower blood pressure slightly in some people. So you can continue to take both without risking your bones or raising your blood pressure. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blood-pressure/do-calcium-supplements-interfere-with-calcium-channel-blockers As for vitamin D3, this study by Holick and colleagues looked at supplementation with 10,000iu D3 (amongst other doses) and found no change in serum calcium (albeit an increase in 25(OH)D and decrease in PTH). You could see an increase in calcium labs maintaining 80-120ng/mL however if maintained within normal reference my understanding is that you are good. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-53864-1 You could jump on one of the Facebook or Reddit groups and ask the question there, I know a couple of chronic warriors that take both verapamil and the regimen together and are doing well. One comment about verapamil that stuck with me was that many warriors find the immediate release vs the sustained release works better for CH prophylaxis - why I am not sure but thought to add. Happy holidays all.

Hi all. I used the search function to see if this had been shared on the forums already, I couldn't find anything. Australian headache researcher Dr Faraidoon Haghdoost has obtained funding for a clinical trial into the potential for psilocybin to prevent disabling cluster headache, funded through the Novel Treatments and Management Strategies for Chronic Pain stream of the Australian Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF). The trial is called the ‘Psilocybin Efficacy and Acceptability on Cluster Headache Episodes’ PEACE Study. Faraidoon has put a request out to any Australian Cluster Headache warriors that would be prepared to talk about their journey with the disease to help raise awareness, I quote from his recent post on Big Head Pain on Facebook. If you are a CH warrior in Australia or know someone that is whom may be willing to have a chat with Faraidoon about getting involved, please reach out to him at the links below. Seeking a Person with Cluster Headache for a Media Interview (Plus Big Publication News!) I’m excited to share that our manuscript, “Patient Perspectives on Research Gaps in Cluster Headache”, has been accepted for publication in Headache journal! This work is deeply rooted in patient experience, and we’re thrilled to see it moving into the academic and clinical space. As part of sharing this milestone, we’re organising media interviews to discuss the findings and raise awareness of cluster headache. We are looking for someone living with cluster headache in Australia who would be willing to join one of these interviews - including sharing their name, photo, and personal experience, if comfortable. Your voice could make a real difference in helping the broader community understand the condition. If you’re interested - or would like more information before deciding - please comment below or message me privately. We’d be very happy to include someone from our community in these interviews. Thank you all for your ongoing support and for continuing to strengthen this community. More about the study: https://www.georgeinstitute.org/news-and-media/news/hope-for-cluster-headache-community-as-psilocybin-trial-funded Big Head Pain Facebook group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/3085334835045020 Email: faraidoonhaghdoost@gmail.com

The range for normal depends on the country and the lab. Quest offers a range of 30-100ng/mL however the specific regimen you may read about here and on other platforms for CH prophylaxis targets a vitamin D blood level of 80-100ng/mL for episodic, the upper limit for Quests range for normal and slightly above that for chronic CH. Enjoy the watch and hopefully a pain free holidays ahead.

Appreciate your feedback and thank-you for your kind words snafu!

Hi all. Here is a 10 minute explainer video utilizing AI to generate some pixar characters of myself and Pete Batcheller to offer an introduction and "flight briefing" of the Vitamin D Regimen, a patient led preventative treatment protocol for Cluster Headache. For more information on the regimen I know there is plenty on information in the forums here and the guides, interviews and other Vitamin D videos can be found over at www.vitamindregimen.com

"The pilot ‘Psilocybin Efficacy and Acceptability on Cluster Headache Episodes’ (PEACE) pilot trial will assess whether 10 mg of psilocybin once a week for four weeks compared to placebo can prevent cluster headache attacks. The study builds on early patient reports and small-scale trials that indicate its potential benefits." So that's 1g dried cubensis give or take (0.8 - 1.2g) depending potency every 7 days for 4 weeks, in sort parallels the community busting protocol. I hope they are able to recruit the numbers. I had recently read one of his articles on migraine: Migraine management: Non-pharmacological points for patients and health care professionals He is also the recipient of the 2025 Peter Goadsby Award for Best Scientific Oral Abstract presentation at the Australian and New Zealand Headache Society Annual Scientific Meeting in Sydney on 30–31 August. His presentation, “Gaps in Research and Management of Cluster Headache Through Patient Perspectives,” underscored the need to listen to patient voices and address the gaps that remain in both clinical care and research.

A new clinical trial in Australia has funding approved to test psilocybin as a preventive treatment for cluster headache. The PEACE Trial (Psilocybin Efficacy and Acceptability on Cluster headache Episodes), led by Faraidoon Haghdoost and supported by the The George Institute for Global Health and the University of New South Wales under the Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF), aims to evaluate whether weekly low-dose psilocybin can safely reduce the frequency or severity of cluster attacks. There is also a survey on Faraidoon's page assessing the cluster headache research gaps based on the patients perspectives. https://www.faraidoonhaghdoost.com/post/cluster-headache-trial-got-funded-in-australia https://www.georgeinstitute.org/news-and-media/news/hope-for-cluster-headache-community-as-psilocybin-trial-funded

Greetings and sorry they are back - it sucks. My one fall from remission whilst using the D3 regimen saw me find o2 and the cluster o2 kit for the first time - I was getting o2 slap backs but as Bejeeber said that’s not bad to have several hours in between nocturnal attacks, I was aborting in 6 minutes or so and getting a slap back an hour later. An amazing advocate in our community Pete McCormick suggested to try staying on the oxygen for the same amount of time it took to abort the attack but at a lower flow rate, when I did that I found an immediate improvement back to my normal 2-3 attacks per night, aborted and back to bed in around the 15-20 minute mark which was an amazing improvement on previous abortives. I only needed the o2 setup for a total of four days before higher levels of vitamin D3 put me back into remission, thank God. Can’t add much about caffeine suffice to say some warriors use a strong black coffee rather than energy drinks and report it works, if concerned / wary about energy drinks, I know I am. I’d just straight hit up the oxygen upon waking rather than caffeine and save a strong black coffee or otherwise for shadows during the day. All that being said and in lieu of challenges obtaining Emgality, is the vitamin D3 regimen an option for you as another tool to add in the kit?